Rabu, 26 Juni 2013

The Noun Phrase

Putri Andalasari

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The Noun Phrase

Recognize a noun phrase when you see one.

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it.
You can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.
Modifiers can come before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.
Articles: a dog, the dog
Possessive nouns: Aunt Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer'sdog
Possessive pronouns: our dog, her dog, their dog
Adjectives: that dog, the big dog, the spotted dog
Participles: the drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog.

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/nounphrase.htm

Count and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, yang dapat menunjukkan kuantitas atau jumlah, contohnya kata benda pen dapat dihitung one, two, atau three pens.

Contoh kata benda yang dapat dihitung: cat, dog, man, baby, person, animal, bottle, box, coin, cup, plate, table, chair, bag, glass, book, house, etc. Benda-benda yang ada di sekitar kita umumnya adalah benda yang dapat dihitung.

Contoh countable nouns dalam kalimat:
- We could see a ship in the distance.
- I have to brothers, John and Mark.
- I've got a problem with the car.
- Do you like these photos?
- I'm going out for five minutes.

Uncountable nouns (disebut juga mass nouns) adalah kebalikan dari countable nouns, yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, contohnya kata benda water. Kata benda tersebut tidak bisa dikatakan a water atau two water, tetapi lebih tepat digunakan bersama dengan kata benda lainnya yang dapat dihitung, misalnya a glass of water atau two glass of water.

Contoh kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung: sand, air, rice, sugar, cheese, tea, coffee, advice, assistance, fun, money, music, art, love, etc.
Contoh uncountable nouns dalam kalimat:
- Can I have some water?
- Shall we sit on the grass?
- The money is much better in my new job.
- I love music.
- Would you like some coffee?

A, AN

THE
Contoh definite article
There’s a girl in front of the bookstore. The girl wore prada.
My cat is sleeping in the garage.
Which one do you prefer to buy? I prefer the pink one.
The place that i just visited is cozy.
In order to meet friends at the department store, Lia went to the bus station.
the use of the passive voice, the use of machines
the morning, the afternoon, the evening, the future, the present, the past
the north, the south, the west, the east, the front, the back, the middle, the top, the bottom
the third, the second volume, the first chapter
the 1900s, the eighties
the twentieth century
the prettiest girl, the most expensive car
most of the students, all of the books, some of the cakes
the staff of our firm, the leader of the party
the City of Alameda, the City of Jakarta
the State of Georgia, The State of Massachusetts
the Himalaya, the Gobi, the Yangtze
the French, the Chinese, the Indonesian
the Hudsons, the Himalaya Mountains, the Alpen Mountains, The Great lakes, the One Thousand Islands
the Round Table Conference
the Prime Minister
the Legislative Assembly
the Istiqlal Mosque
the New York Times
the history of the ninetieth centuries

OTHER
1. Penggunaan Other
 
Other digunakan sebagai penentu untuk plural countable nouns atauuncountable nouns yang mengacu pada hal yang tidak spesifik (belum jelas yang mana yang dimaksud).

Contoh

I don’t want these bags. Please give me other bags.
other (yang lain) itu yang mana, pokoknya yang lain

Pada kenyataannya, noun (kata benda) nya dihilangkan sehingga tinggal othernya saja. Sehingga other berfungsi sebagai pronoun.

Contoh 


  • I don’t want these book. Please give me others. (others  = other books)
  • This cake is delicious. Others are delicious too. (others  =  other cake = tapi belum jelas cake (kue) yang lain yang mana yang dimaksud)
  • I don’t like this program. I want other program. 
  • I don’t like this program. I want other. (belum jelas other program lain yang mana yang dimaksud)

Jumat, 15 Maret 2013

Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money,
conditional clause    
I will go to Japan.
    main clause
I will go to Japan,
main clause    
if I have enough money
    conditional clause
First, Second, and Third Conditional
1. First conditional:
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional:
If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional:
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause
Main clause
1. If + Present Tense
will + inf / present tense / imperative
  1. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
    I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
  2. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
    the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
  3. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense
would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense
would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,
only in the main clause.



Uses of the Conditional
  1. First conditional
    1. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.
    2. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
      e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
      If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

  1. Second conditional
    1. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
    2. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
      e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
      If I were you, I would tell my father.
      Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
      If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
      If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
      If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

  1. Third conditional
    1. Nature: unreal
    2. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
      e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).
Remember!
1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

From : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm